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- What was strategies that were used to increase agricultural production from the 6th century BC?
- Why is Akbar considered as the greatest of all the mughals?
- Explain the factors that should be kept in mind by the historian while handling textual traditions?
- ‘Rumours circulate only when they resonate, with the deep fears and suspicion of the people’. How was this statement true in the context of the Revolt of 1857?
- Explain how the fortification and roads in the city of Vijayanagara were unique and impressive?
- Analyse how the Mughal Emperor’s Court procedures reflected his status and power. Why do we call Mahabharat “ A Dynamic Text”.
- Describe the features of settlement of the Harappan civilization.
- Explain the resolution passed by the congress at the initiative of Nehru and Gandhiji on the rights of minorities.
- Describe the life style of the Pahariyas in the late 19th century.
- Describe the agricultural technologies followed by the Harappans.
- Explain the growth of Puranic Hinduism from 600 BCE to 600 CE
- Explain how Krishanadeva Raya was able to expand and consolidate his empire of
- Vijayanagara ? Explain the causes of the decline of Vijaynagara after his death.
- What measures were taken to keep the unity among the rebels during 1857 ? How did the British try to suppress the rebellion ? Explain
- Bernier’s accounts influenced western theorists from the 18th century’.Give arguments to support the statement
- Assess the impact of partition of India on Indian women.
- Describe any two architectural styles used by the British in the construction of public buildings in Bombay.
- What are the distinctive features of the Mughal mobility?
Why do you think that the traditions of Baba Guru Nanak remain significant even in the 21st century?
Some Important Maps Practices
Book (I)
Mature Harappan Sites Mahajanapadas and cities Distribution of Ashokan inscriptions Buddhist sites Kingdoms and Towns: Satvahana, Guptas, Mathura, Kannauj, Shravasti, Rajgir, Vaishali
Book (II) Bidar, Golkunda, Mysore, Kaanchipuram, Quilon, Vijayanagar. Territories under Babur, Akbar and Aurangzeb.
Book (III)
Territories under British control ( 1857 ) Important centres of the national movement : Champaran, Kheda, Ahmedabad, Benaras, Amritsar, Chauri Chaura, Lahore, Bardoli,Dandi, Bombay (Quit India Resolution), Karachi.
THEME : 01
BRICKS, BEADS AND BONES
THE HARAPPAN CIVILISATION
| What were the confusions in the mind of Cunningham while studying Harappan | |
| civilization ? | (2) |
• He used the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who had visited the
subcontinent between the fourth and seventh centuries CE.• He thought that Indian history began with the first cities in the Ganga valley.• In fact, Cunningham’s main interest was in the archaeology of the Early Historic (c.
sixth century BCE-fourth century CE) and later periods.
Write a note on the Drainage system of the Harappans. (5)
Ans. One of the striking features of this town was a well planned drainage system. The
drains were made of mortar, lime and gypsum. They were covered with big bricks and
stones which could be lifted easily to clean the drains. Smaller drains from houses on
both the sides of the streets came and joined a brick laid main channel. Bigger drains
which cleared the rain water were 2 and half feet to 5 feet in circumference. For
sewage from the houses, pits were provided at either side of the street. All this shows
that the Indus Valley people took great care to keep their cities neat and clean
How can you say that the Harappan culture was an urban one. (5)Ans. We can say that the Harappan culture was an urban one, due to the following reasons:• The cities were well planned and thickly populated.• The roads were straight and wide.• The houses were made of burnt bricks and contained more than one storey.• Every house had a well and a bathroom.• The drainage system was excellent with house drains emptying into street drains.• The citadel of Harappa had public buildings.• Lothal had a dockyard and was an important trading centre.• After the decline of the Harappan culture, town planning was forgotten and there
was absence of city life for about a thousand years.
| Discuss how archaeologist reconstruct the past. Ans. | (10) |
This material could be pottery, tools, ornaments, household objects, etc.
2. Recovering artefacts is just the beginning of the archaeological enterprise.
Archaeologists then classify their finds.
3. The second, and more complicated, is in terms of function: archaeologists have
to decide whether, for instance, an artefact is a tool or an ornament, or both, or
something meant for ritual use.
4. An understanding of the function of an artefact is often shaped by its
resemblance with present-day things – beads, querns, stone blades and pots are
obvious examples.
5. Archaeologists also try to identify the function of an artefact by investigating
the context in which it was found
6. The problems of archaeological interpretation are perhaps most evident in
attempts to reconstruct religious practices.
7. Attempts have also been made to reconstruct religious beliefs and practices by
examining seals, some of which seem to depict ritual scenes. Others, with plant
motifs, are thought to indicate nature worship.
8. Many reconstructions of Harappan religion are made on the assumption that
later traditions provide parallels with earlier ones. This is because archaeologists
often move from the known to the unknown, that is, from the present to the past.
9. Remains of crops, saddle querns or pit are studied to identify food.
10. Archaelogists observe the different layers of site and try to find out different
things which give picture of socio-economic conditions, religions and cultural
life of the past people.
THEME – 2
Kings, Farmers and Towns
Early states and economics (C 600 BCE – 600 CE)
What are megaliths? 2
Ans. a- Megaliths were elaborate stone structures in central and south India in first
millennium BCE.
b- These were kept on the burials. Dead were buried with a wide range of iron tools
and weapons
..
Why six century BCE often considered as a major turning point in Indian history? 2
Ans. a – It is an era associated with early states and cities, growing use of iron, the
development of coin.
B - It also witnessed the growth of diverse system of thoughts including Buddhism and Jainism.
Define Dhamma Mahamatta?
a- Special officers appointed by Ashoka.
b- Appointed to spread the message of Dhamma.
In which languages and script, Ashokan script were written?
Ans. a- Language- Prakrit, Aramaic and Greek.
b- Script- Prakrit in Brahmi, Greek , Aramaic and Kharosthi.
Describe five features of Mahajanapadas?• Maximum Mahajanapadas ruled by kings but some ruled by Ganas or Sanghas.• Each had its own capital often fortified.• Permanent army recruited from the peasantry regular bureaucracies.• Dharmasutras laid down norms for kings and other people.• Function of king to collect taxes and tributes from people.
Explain main features of Ashoka’s Dhamma?
- Respect to elders, love for young and kindness to servants.
How do inscription help in reconstruction of history?• Knowledge about the rulers and their achievements.• Scripts and language of that time.• Land grant and economic condition.• Extent of the empire.• Social and religious condition of kingdom.
THEME 3
KINSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS IN EARLY SOCIETIES
(600 BC-600CE)
| Why the war Mahabharata was fought? What was its result? | 2 |
the Pandavas
| Explain the relationship between the Varna system and the occupation according to |
| Brahmanical texts. How did the Brahmanas reinforce these? |
Relatonship between the varna system and occupation according to Brahmanical texts:
|
| Kshtriyas –>study the vedas , get sacrifice performed and engage in warfare ,protect |
| people and administer justice. |
THEME -4
Thinkers Belief and Buildings
Culture Development
(600 BCE – 600 CE)
Mention four places associated with the life of the Buddha. 2
Ans.1. Lumbini (birthplace of the Buddha) 2. Kapilvastu ( the Buddha was brought up here) 3. Bodh Gaya ( the Buddha attained enlightenment here) 4. Sarnath- (the Buddha delivered his first religious discourse here).
What do you mean by Tri –ratna? 2
Ans- According to Jainism, Moksha or salvation can be attained by observing Tri- ratna or three jewels. These are- 1. Right knowledge 2. Right faith 3. Right action.
Mention the teachings of Mahatma Buddha? 5
Ans - According to Buddhist philosophy the world is transient ( anicca) and constantly changing it is also soulless (anatta) as there is nothing permanent or eternal in it. Within this transient world, sorrow is intrinsic to human existence. It is by following the path of moderation between severe penance and self indulgence that human beings can rise above these worldly troubles.The Buddha regarded the social world as the creation of humans rather than of divine origin. According to Buddhist tradition, his last words to his followers were: “Be lamps unto yourselves as all of you must work out your own liberation”
building and decorating them. 2. Some donations were made by kings such as the Satavahanas; others were made by guilds, 3. Such as that of the ivory workers who financed part of one of the gateways at Sanchi. 4. Hundreds of donations were made by women and men who mention their names. 5. Sometimes adding the name of the place from where they came, as well as their occupations and names of their relatives. 5. Bhikkhus and bhikkhunis also contributed towards building these monuments.Stupas were built for many resons -1. There were other placestoo that were regarded as sacred. This was because relics of the Buddha such as his bodily remains or object used by him were buried there. These were mounds known as stupas. 2. The tradition of erecting stupas may have been pre- Buddhist, but they came to be associated with Buddhism. 3. Since they contained relics regarded as sacred, the entire stupa came to be venerated as an emblem of both the Buddha and Buddhism. 4. By the second century, a number of stupas, including those at Bharhut , Sanchi and Sarnath had been built.
THEME-5
THROUGH THE EYES OF TRAVELLERS
Name any two travellers who came India during the medieval period (11th to 17th C)?
Ans. 1. Al Biruni (11th Century) from Uzbekistan 2 2. Ibn-Battuta (14th Century ) from North western Africa, Morocco. 3. Francois Bernier (17th Century) from France
Persian that ideas and concept could not be easily translated from one language. 2. Difference of religion beliefs and practices – He was Muslim and his religious beliefs and practices were quit different from India. 3. Self-absorption and insularity of the local population - According to him the third barrier was the isolation policy of the Indians.
What did Bernier write about the Sati system? 5
28 Ans. (i) It was a cruel practice in which the widow was made to sit on the pyre of her husband alive. (ii) She was forced to be sati. (iii) The people had no sympathy even for the child widows. (iv) The cries of the women going to be a sati did not move anyone. (v) The Brahmans and the elderly women of the house participated in this practice.
Who wrote ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’? Throw light in its main features? 5
Ans. The book ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’ was written by Al-Biruni. Its main features are – 1. It is written in Arabic. 2. Its language is simple and lucid. 3. It is written on the subject such as regional, philosophy, astronomy, social life, laws etc. 4. It is divided into 80 chapters. 5. Each chapter begins with a question and than description have given based in sanskritic traditions.
2. They were also regularly exchanged as gifts. 3. When Ibn-Battuta reached Sindh, he purchased horses, camels and slaves. He wanted to offer them as gifts to sultan Muhammad Bin Tuglaq. 4. When he reached to Multan, he presented salves and horses with almonds and raisins to the Governor of Multan. 5. Ibna-batuta says that Muhammad bin Tughlaq was so happy with the sermon of a preacher named Nasiruddin that he gave him”ahundred thousand tankas and two hundred slaves. 6. The sultan employed female slaves in his service and also to keep a watch on his nobles. 7. The slaves were also engaged for domestic work. But they were given low wages. 8. Ibn-Battuta found their services particularly indispensable for carrying women and men on palanquins or dola.
9. It appears from Ibn-Battuta’s account that there was considerable
differentiations among slaves. 10. Some female slaves in the service of the sultan were experts in music and dance |
THEME – 6
BHAKTI-SUFI TRADITIONS
CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS
(08TH TO 18TH CENTURY)
BHAKTI-SUFI TRADITIONS
CHANGES IN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND DEVOTIONAL TEXTS
(08TH TO 18TH CENTURY)
Give the name of any four well known reformers of Bhakti movement ? 2
Ans. Ramanand swami, Kabir, Guru nanak dev, Mira Bai.
Ans. Ramanand swami, Kabir, Guru nanak dev, Mira Bai.
What does Bhakti movement mean ? 2
Ans. A series of hindu saints& reformers started religious reform movements which adopted
the method of devotion ( Bhakti ) to achievethe salvation their method of expression of
devotion ranged from the routine worship of deities within temple & singing &
chanting of devotional composition.
Describe the causes of the rise of Bhakti movement? 5
Ans. 1. Influence of Vaishnavism
2. Evil practices of the Hindues
3. Fear of sprit of Islam
4. Influence of sufi sects
5. Emergence of great reformers.
Ans. 1. Influence of Vaishnavism
2. Evil practices of the Hindues
3. Fear of sprit of Islam
4. Influence of sufi sects
5. Emergence of great reformers.
| Describe the main Principal of Bhakti movement ? |
| 1. Faith in god |
3. Universal Brotherhood
4. Emotional worship
5. Condemned idol worship
6. Opposed to the rigidity of caste system
7. Guru Bhakti
| What were the main Principle of Sufism? 1. Worship of God | 5 | Ans. |
3. Non violence & pacitism
4. Love of mankind
5. Importance of Murshid
6. Principle of Morality
7. Importance of singing & Dancing in worship of Allah
Describe the teaching of Kabir? How does he describe the ultimate reality through the
| poems? |
| .To achieve inward spiritual bliss |
. He taught the unity of god & the path of love & devotion . He emphasized on bhakti to achieve salvation or Moksha |
Hazrat, Khuda and pir. He also used terms taken from Vaedantic traditions
like alakh, nirankar, brahman and atman.
THEME – 7
AN IMPERIAL CAPITAL : VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE
| Hampi town is located in the bank of which river? Ans. It is located on the bank of Tunghbhadra river. | 2 |
How did the water requirements problems solved in Vijayanagar empire ? 2
39Ans. The natural reservoir are providing water for Vijayanagar is Tunghabhadra river. This
river was situated in the north-east direction of the kingdom. Many rivers from
nearby mountain range get merged into this river. Dams were built in almost all
tributaries of rivers. Hauz were built in order to cope with the drastic climate in
draught situation. This was stored in the beginning of the 15th century. This place was
called Kamalapuram water reservoir
What do you think were the advantages and disadvantages of enclosing
agricultural land within the fortified area of the city? 5
Ans. There are many advantages and disadvantages of enclosing agricultural land within
the fortified area of the Vijayanagara empire.• Abdur Razzaq noted that "between the first, second and third walls there are cultivated
fields, gardens and houses.• The detailed statements have been corroborated by present day archaeologists, who
have also found evidence of an agricultural tract between the sacred centre and the
urban core.• We knew different sources that in Vijayanagara empire and other southern kingdom
agricultural tracts were incorporated within the fortified areas. Often, the objective of
medieval sieges was to strave the defenders into submission. These sieges could last
four several months and sometimes even years.• Normally rulers tried to be prepared for adverse situations or natural calamities by
building large granaries within fortified areas. The rulers of Vijayanagara adopted a
more expensive and elaborate strategy of protecting the agricultural belt itself.• Whenever, Kingdom was attacked by the enemies at the time of reaping harvest they
could easily brunt the dry crops of the farmers. But these fields was safe in ordinary
situation from wild animals.
agricultural land within the fortified area of the city? 5
Ans. There are many advantages and disadvantages of enclosing agricultural land within
the fortified area of the Vijayanagara empire.• Abdur Razzaq noted that "between the first, second and third walls there are cultivated
fields, gardens and houses.• The detailed statements have been corroborated by present day archaeologists, who
have also found evidence of an agricultural tract between the sacred centre and the
urban core.• We knew different sources that in Vijayanagara empire and other southern kingdom
agricultural tracts were incorporated within the fortified areas. Often, the objective of
medieval sieges was to strave the defenders into submission. These sieges could last
four several months and sometimes even years.• Normally rulers tried to be prepared for adverse situations or natural calamities by
building large granaries within fortified areas. The rulers of Vijayanagara adopted a
more expensive and elaborate strategy of protecting the agricultural belt itself.• Whenever, Kingdom was attacked by the enemies at the time of reaping harvest they
could easily brunt the dry crops of the farmers. But these fields was safe in ordinary
situation from wild animals.
What do you think was the significance of the ritual's associated with the
Mahanavami dibba ? 5
Ans. The importance of the rituals associated with the Mahanawami dibba.
Located on one of the highest points in the city, the "Mahanawami dibba" is a massive
platform rising from a base of about 11000 sq.ft. to a height of 40 feet. Rituals
associated with the structure probably coincided with Mahanawami (Literally the greatMahanavami dibba ? 5
Ans. The importance of the rituals associated with the Mahanawami dibba.
Located on one of the highest points in the city, the "Mahanawami dibba" is a massive
platform rising from a base of about 11000 sq.ft. to a height of 40 feet. Rituals
ninth day) of the ten-day Hindu festival during the autumn months of September and
October, known variously as Dushehra (northern India), Durga Puja (in Bengal) and
Navaratri or Mahanawami (in Peninsular India). The Vijayanagara kings
displayed their prestige, power and suzerainty on this occasion.• The ceremonies performed on the occasion included worship of the image, worship of
the state horse, and the sacrifice of buffaloes and other animals.• Dancer, wrestling matches, and processions of caparisoned horses, elephants and
chariots and soldiers, as well as ritual presentations before the king and his guests by
the chief nayakas and subordinate kings marked the occasion.• These ceremonies were imbued with deep symbolic meanings on the last day of the
festival the king inspected his army and the armies of the nayakas in a grand ceremony
in an open field. On this occasion the nayakas brought rich gifts for the king as well as
the stipulated tribute.
What impression of the lives of the ordinary people of Vijayanagara can you
cull from the various descriptions in Vijayanagara empire. 5
Ans. Ordinary people of this empire scope different languages and followed different
religious tradition.• There were small traders and local merchant use to live in cities, trade centre, port town
and villages.• Peasants, workers, slaves etc. were including in ordinary people. These were ordinary
Brahmans, trader and women also.• In the society there were a few low class people, who were non-influential. They were
Dombar, Mana, Jogi, Paraiyan, Boi, Kallar etc. Some low caste people were coverted to
christianity due to the influence of the Portugeuses. The evils of caste system and
untouchability were practiced in the society.• The ordinary people of the Vijayanagar empire lived in ordinary houses. This is how
the sixteenth century portuguese traveller Barbosa described the houses of ordinary
people existed in the society. The men were sold and purchased. There were some
special rules for the slaves.
cull from the various descriptions in Vijayanagara empire. 5
Ans. Ordinary people of this empire scope different languages and followed different
religious tradition.• There were small traders and local merchant use to live in cities, trade centre, port town
and villages.• Peasants, workers, slaves etc. were including in ordinary people. These were ordinary
Brahmans, trader and women also.• In the society there were a few low class people, who were non-influential. They were
Dombar, Mana, Jogi, Paraiyan, Boi, Kallar etc. Some low caste people were coverted to
christianity due to the influence of the Portugeuses. The evils of caste system and
untouchability were practiced in the society.• The ordinary people of the Vijayanagar empire lived in ordinary houses. This is how
the sixteenth century portuguese traveller Barbosa described the houses of ordinary
people existed in the society. The men were sold and purchased. There were some
special rules for the slaves.
THEME – 8
PEASANT, ZAMINDARS AND STATE
Who was the author of Ain-I Akbari?
Abul Fazl, writer of Ain-I Akbari, he was a famous Persian author, gems of Akber’scourt.
Who were Raiyat? How many types of Raiyat?
They were peasants. There are two types of Raiyat - Khud-khasta and Pahi-khasta.
Khud-khasta – They were residents of the village in which they held their land.
Pahi-khasta – They were non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village,
but cultivated lands were else were on a contractual basis
Khud-khasta – They were residents of the village in which they held their land.
Pahi-khasta – They were non-resident cultivators who belonged to some other village,
but cultivated lands were else were on a contractual basis
| How many seasons of agriculture according to Ain? |
| According to Ain-i-Akbari, agriculture was organized around the two major seasonal cycles – The kharif and the rabi. | |
| Kharif – rice and jawar. | Rabi – wheat and gram |
Ans. 1. Community welfare – Construction of bund or digging the cannel which peasants
usually could not afford to do on their own.
2. Arrangements against natural calamities, like floods, famine, Droughts etc.
3. Regulate rural societies, like marriage and caste.
4. To ensure that caste boundaries among the various communities
5. Punishment – Example - to levy fines and inflict from the community
Describe Ain-i-Akbari?
1. Vision of Akbar’s empire.2. Strong ruling class.
3. The organization of the court, administration and the army.
4. Included detailed revenue, records – with the help of Todarmal tried to reorganized
the hole revenue system.
5. Useful description of agrarian society
What were the role played by women in agrarian society?
Ans. 1. Women worked shoulder to shoulder with men in fields.
2. Women sowed, weeded, threshed and winnowed the harvest.Ans. 1. Women worked shoulder to shoulder with men in fields.
3. Craft production – such as spinning yarn, sifting and kneading clay for pottery and
embroidery.
4. Some restriction during some days of month – women were not allowed to touch
the plough or the potter’s wheel in western India.
5. Produce children and look after them.
How land revenue was fixed?
Ans. 1. It consisted of two stages - Jama and Hasil. Jama was the amount assessed and
Hasil the amount collected.
2. Both cultivated and cultivable land measured in each province.
3. Prepared annual record of the number of cultivators in each village
4. Officials were appointed to measure land revenue.
5. The Dewan, who was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire
Ans. 1. It consisted of two stages - Jama and Hasil. Jama was the amount assessed and
Hasil the amount collected.
2. Both cultivated and cultivable land measured in each province.
3. Prepared annual record of the number of cultivators in each village
4. Officials were appointed to measure land revenue.
5. The Dewan, who was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire
Who were zamindars? What were their functions? 2+8=10Ans. Zamindars were the part of rural society, who lived on agricultural production had
milkiyat belongs to upper caste. New Zamindars emerged from lower caste.Functions of Zamindars :
1. Collect revenue.
2. Midiate between king and peasant.
3. Maintain military.
4. Developed agricultural land.
5. Give money to farmers for agriculture.
6. Sell their own agricultural produce.
7. Make an arrangement for weekly or fortnightly market in the villages.
8. Making arrangement for repairing roads and water sources.
milkiyat belongs to upper caste. New Zamindars emerged from lower caste.Functions of Zamindars :
1. Collect revenue.
2. Midiate between king and peasant.
3. Maintain military.
4. Developed agricultural land.
5. Give money to farmers for agriculture.
6. Sell their own agricultural produce.
7. Make an arrangement for weekly or fortnightly market in the villages.
8. Making arrangement for repairing roads and water sources.
THEME – 9
KINGS AND CHRONICLES
(MUGHAL COURT 16TH-17TH CENTURY)
Name the dynasty which ruled India during 1526 to 1707. Who was the founder of this dynasty? |
What is meant by the term Kitabkhana?
Ans. The literal translation of the term Kitabkhana is library. It was a scriptorium that is a
place where the emperors collection of manuscripts were kept and manuscripts were
produced.
Manuscripts involved a number of people performing a variety of tasks. Give some such
people engaged in the task.
Ans. Manuscripts involved a number of people performing a variety of tasks. Among them
were paper marker, calligrapher, gliders, painters, bookbinders
people engaged in the task.
Ans. Manuscripts involved a number of people performing a variety of tasks. Among them
were paper marker, calligrapher, gliders, painters, bookbinders
Baburs memories were return in which language?
Ans. Baburs memories Tuzuk-i-Babari were originally written in Turkish. They were
translated in Persian as Babur Nama .
Ans. Baburs memories Tuzuk-i-Babari were originally written in Turkish. They were
translated in Persian as Babur Nama .
Assess the role played by women of the imperial household in the Mughal Empire.
Ans. The role played by the women of the imperial household in the Mughal Empire
1. In the Mughal household a distinction was maintained between wives who came from
royal families (Begams) and other wives(aghas) who were not of noble birth.
2. Apart from wives numerous male and female slaves populated the Mughal household:
The tasks they performed varied from the most mundane to those requiring skill tact
and intelligence.
3. After NurJahan Mughal queens and princesses began to control significant financial
resources. Shahjahana’s daughter Jahanara and Roshanara enjoyed an annual income
often equal to the high imperial mansabdars. Jahanara in addition received revenues
from the port city of Surat, which was a lucrative centre of overseas trade.
Ans. The role played by the women of the imperial household in the Mughal Empire
1. In the Mughal household a distinction was maintained between wives who came from
royal families (Begams) and other wives(aghas) who were not of noble birth.
2. Apart from wives numerous male and female slaves populated the Mughal household:
The tasks they performed varied from the most mundane to those requiring skill tact
and intelligence.
3. After NurJahan Mughal queens and princesses began to control significant financial
resources. Shahjahana’s daughter Jahanara and Roshanara enjoyed an annual income
often equal to the high imperial mansabdars. Jahanara in addition received revenues
from the port city of Surat, which was a lucrative centre of overseas trade.
Write a short note on Badshah Nama.
Ans. Badshah Nama Chronicle of a king based on the history of Shahjahan’s reign is an
important chronicle among official histories. Abdul Hamid Lahori, a pupil of Abul
Fazal is known as itsaurthor. It is modelled of 10 lunar years each. Lahori wrote the
first and second daftars comprising of first two decades of Shahjahan’s reign (1627-
1647) But due to infirmities of age he was unable to write the 3rd volume.
Volume of the 3rd decade of the emperor’s rule was chronicle by historian waris.
In 1944 the first time painting of Badshah Nama were exhibited in New Delhi, LondonAns. Badshah Nama Chronicle of a king based on the history of Shahjahan’s reign is an
important chronicle among official histories. Abdul Hamid Lahori, a pupil of Abul
Fazal is known as itsaurthor. It is modelled of 10 lunar years each. Lahori wrote the
first and second daftars comprising of first two decades of Shahjahan’s reign (1627-
1647) But due to infirmities of age he was unable to write the 3rd volume.
Volume of the 3rd decade of the emperor’s rule was chronicle by historian waris.
and Washington
Discuss the merits and demerits of the Mansabdari Sytem.
Ans. Merits of the Mansabdari System
1. Control on revolts.
2. Qualification as basis of ranks.
3. Ban on Corruption
4. Forceful army
5. Emotional unity
Demerits of Mansabdari System
1. Misuse of money
2. Disloyalty of the soldiers towards the empire
3. Luxurious life of mansabdars
4. High salary of mansabdars created pressure on govt.
5. Less number of horsemen than the prescribed number affected the effectiveness of
military.
6. Lack of direct link between emperor and soldiers.
Ans. Merits of the Mansabdari System
1. Control on revolts.
2. Qualification as basis of ranks.
3. Ban on Corruption
4. Forceful army
5. Emotional unity
Demerits of Mansabdari System
1. Misuse of money
2. Disloyalty of the soldiers towards the empire
3. Luxurious life of mansabdars
4. High salary of mansabdars created pressure on govt.
5. Less number of horsemen than the prescribed number affected the effectiveness of
military.
6. Lack of direct link between emperor and soldiers.
THEME – 10
COLONIALISM AND THE COUNTRYSIDE
| What was Permanent Settlement? The practice of collecting land revenue introduced by Lord Cornwalis in 1793 is known as permanent settlement. In this system the land was given to landlords (Zamindars) permanently. The amount of revenue had been fixed in permanent settlement. | 2 | Ans. |
| Explain the ryotwari system of revenue. The revenue system that was introduced in the Bombay Deccan came to be known as ryotwari. In this system, the revenue was directly settled | |
| Ans. |
was estimated. The revenue-paying capacity of the ryot was assessed and a
proportion of it fixed as the share of the state
What was Deeds of hire? 2
Ans. When debts mounted the peasants were unable to pay back the loan to the
moneylender. They had no option but to give over all land under their
possession, carts and animals to the money lenders. But without animals they
could not continue to cultivate. So they took land on rent and animals on hire.
Now they had to pay for them which had originally belonged to them. He had
to sign a Deed of hire stating very clearly that these animals and carts did not
belong to them.
Ans. When debts mounted the peasants were unable to pay back the loan to the
moneylender. They had no option but to give over all land under their
possession, carts and animals to the money lenders. But without animals they
could not continue to cultivate. So they took land on rent and animals on hire.
Now they had to pay for them which had originally belonged to them. He had
to sign a Deed of hire stating very clearly that these animals and carts did not
belong to them.
| Who were santhals? What are the two features of their lives? They were the tribes living in the foothills of Rajmahal hills. They cultivated their fields by plough and much civilized then the Paharias | 2 | Ans. |
| What do you understand by Deccan riots commission? The commission which was set up to investigate the riots of Deccan’s farmer in 1875. It was set up by the government of Bombay due to immense pressure of Government of India. Its report was presented in 1878 before the British Parliament. Who were Jotedars? The group of rich farmers were known as Jotedars. They controlled local trade as well as money lending, exercising immense power over the poorer cultivator’s of the region | |
| Why Zamindars defaulted on payments? The reasons for this failure were various- | 5 | Ans. |
| (i) | The initial demands of tax were very high, because the company felt that if the demand was fixed for all time to come they would never be able to claim for high shares in the condition of increased income. |
(ii) This high demand was imposed in the 1790s, a time when the prices
of agricultural produce were depressed, making it difficult for the
ryots to pay their dues to the zamindar. If the Zamindar
could not collect the rent, how could he pay the company?
(iii) The revenue was invariable, regardless of the harvest, and had to be paid
punctually.
(iv) The permanent settlement initially limited the power of the Zamindars to
collect rent from the ryot and manage his zamindari.
of agricultural produce were depressed, making it difficult for the
ryots to pay their dues to the zamindar. If the Zamindar
could not collect the rent, how could he pay the company?
(iii) The revenue was invariable, regardless of the harvest, and had to be paid
punctually.
(iv) The permanent settlement initially limited the power of the Zamindars to
collect rent from the ryot and manage his zamindari.
| Why did the Santhals revolted against the British rule? The Santhals were revolted against the British rule due to following reasons- | 5 | Ans. |
| (i) | The land that Santhals had brought under cultivation was slipping away from their hands. |
cleared, money lenders (dikus) were charging them high rates of interest.
(iii) Moneylenders were taking over the land from Santhals when debts remained
unpaid, and Zamindars were asserting control over the Damin – i - koh area.
(vi) By the 1850s, the Santhals felt that the time had come to rebel against
Zamindars, money lenders and the colonial state in order to create an
ideal world for themselves where they would rule.
It was after the Santhal Revolt (1855-56) that the Santhal Pargana was
created, carving out 5,500 sq. miles from the districts of Bhagalpur and Birbhum.
| Discuss about the life of hill folk of Rajmahal hills, Paharia. | 5 | |
| (i) | Paharias lived around the Rajmahal hills, subsisting on forest produce and practicing shifting cultivation. |
undergrowth on these patches, enriched by the potash from the ash, the
Paharias grew a variety of pulses and millets for consumption.
(iii) They scratched the ground lightly with hoes, cultivated the cleared land
for few years, then left it fallow so that it could recover its fertility, and
moved to a new area.
(iv) From the forests they collected Mahua (a flower) for food, silk cocoons
and resin for sale, and wood for charcoal production.
The life of the Paharias – as hunters shifting cultivators, food
gatherers, charcoal producers, silkworm rearers - was thus intimately
connected to the forest
| What are the problems of using official sources in writing about the history of peasants? 10 |
history of peasants.
(i)The official sources reflect only British official concerns and
interpretation of all events from the outlook and angles of the English.
For example, the Deccan riots commission was specifically asked to
judge whether the level of Government revenue demand was the cause of
the revolt.
(ii)Most of the events, revolts and happening have been presented in a
blased manner.
(iii)The colonial Government and official had their own political,
economic religious, cultural and social interest. They had always tried to
present the picture of Indian society, people, tradition, culture and even
the achievements.
(iv)The sources have been presented and recorded by such clever and
naughty people who have intentionally presented things with false
evidences also. For example, the Deccan Riot Commission presenting all
the findings with such evidences which were utilized to give authencity to
the report of the commission. The commission has presented this
fabricated fact that the Government demand was not the cause of the
peasants anger. It was the moneylenders (again Indian) who were to be
blame for such argument is found very frequently in British colonial
records. This shows that there was a persistence on the part of the
colonial government to admit that popular discontent was ever on account
of Government action.
(v) Official reports, thus are invaluable sources for the reconstruction of
history. But they have to be always read carefully and compared with
evidence form newspapers, unofficial accounts, legal records and where
possible oral sources.
What were steps taken by the British East India Company to control the
Zamindars? 10
Ans. The British East India Company took the following steps mainly to maintain its
control over the Zamindars.
(i)The zamindar’s troops were disbanded custom duties were abolished.
(ii)Their cutcheries (Courts) brought under the supervision of collector
appointed by the company.
(iii) The power to deliver local judgment was also taken away from
zamindars. In fact zamindars held their control and leadership through
local courts and other panchayats. They lost their power to organize local
police. Over time, the collectorate emerged as an alternative center of
authority, severely restricting what the zamindar could do.
(iv)In case a Raja (powerful zamindars) failed to pay the land revenue, a
company official was speedily dispatched to his zamindari which explicit
instruction “to take charge of the District and to use the most effectual means to
destroy all the influence and the authority of the zamindar and his officers.
(v)Some of the scholars believe that some trouble creators were also used
as tools to reduce the influence of Rajas. For example, when the
zamindars dispatched their amlah (collector of revenue or representative
of zamindar). Some naughty people used to create problem for
zamindars. Some ryots and village headmen jotedars and mandals-were only
too happy to see the Zamindar in trouble. The zamindar could therefore not
easily assert his power over them
Ans. The British East India Company took the following steps mainly to maintain its
control over the Zamindars.
(i)The zamindar’s troops were disbanded custom duties were abolished.
(ii)Their cutcheries (Courts) brought under the supervision of collector
appointed by the company.
(iii) The power to deliver local judgment was also taken away from
zamindars. In fact zamindars held their control and leadership through
local courts and other panchayats. They lost their power to organize local
police. Over time, the collectorate emerged as an alternative center of
authority, severely restricting what the zamindar could do.
(iv)In case a Raja (powerful zamindars) failed to pay the land revenue, a
company official was speedily dispatched to his zamindari which explicit
instruction “to take charge of the District and to use the most effectual means to
destroy all the influence and the authority of the zamindar and his officers.
(v)Some of the scholars believe that some trouble creators were also used
as tools to reduce the influence of Rajas. For example, when the
zamindars dispatched their amlah (collector of revenue or representative
of zamindar). Some naughty people used to create problem for
zamindars. Some ryots and village headmen jotedars and mandals-were only
too happy to see the Zamindar in trouble. The zamindar could therefore not
easily assert his power over them
THEME-11
REBELS AND THE RAJ
Which Governor-Genreral introduced the Subsidary Alliance ?Name the four major
powers accepting it. 2
Ans. Subsidary alliance was introduced by Lord Wliesley. Hyderabad, Awadh, Mysore,
Tanjore, Surat, etc were the four major powers who accepted it.
powers accepting it. 2
Ans. Subsidary alliance was introduced by Lord Wliesley. Hyderabad, Awadh, Mysore,
Tanjore, Surat, etc were the four major powers who accepted it.
Which English lady defended herself bravely against the Indian rebels in Kanpur?
Ans. Miss Wheeler defended herself bravely against the Indian rebels in Kanpur.
| Who was the last Nawab of Awadh? Where was he sent on Pension? Ans. Wajid Ali Shah was last Nawab of Awadh. He was sent to Calcutta on pension. |
What were the policies and administrative causes of the Revolt of 1857? 5
Ans. (a) Imperialist policy of the British administrators.
(b) Doctrine of Lapse
(c) Abolition of pensions and Titles.
(d) Disrespect to the Mughal Emperor.
(e) Annexation of Awadh
(f)Misuse of Subsidiary alliance
What were the causes of the failure of the 1857 Revolt? 5
Ans. (a) Breaking out before of the fixed date.
(b) Co-operation of the native states to the British.
(c) Lack of co-operation from the Elite.
(d) Limited resources of the Rebels.
(e)Absence of a common ideal.
(f) Diplomacy of the British.
Ans. (a) Breaking out before of the fixed date.
(b) Co-operation of the native states to the British.
(c) Lack of co-operation from the Elite.
(d) Limited resources of the Rebels.
(e)Absence of a common ideal.
(f) Diplomacy of the British.
Discuess the nature of revolt of 1857
Ans. (a) Only a Sepoy mutiny –
b) First war of Independence – Lakhs of artisans, farmers and soldiers struggled
united against the British rule.
(c) Hindu and Muslim took actively part in the movement.
(d) The masses took active part in the struggle against the British at almost all
centres of uprisings.
(e) It had country wide presence.
What explains the anger of the Deccan ryots against the moneylenders? 10
ANS:-
1. By 1830s prices of agricultural products fell sharply.
2.Decline in peasants income revenue could rarely be paid without a loan from money lenders.
3.Ryots found difficult to pay it back, debt mounted.
4.Ryots needed more loan to buy their everyday needs.
5. Sahukar’s export merchants in Maharashtra stopped long term credit and started demanding
repayment of debt.
6. Petition after petition, Ryots complained of the injustice of insensitiveness and the violation
of custom.
7. The Ryots came to see the money lenders as devious and deceitful.
8. Limitation law was passed to check the accumulation of interest overtime.
9. Deeds and bonds appeared as symbols of the new oppressive system.
Ans. (a) Only a Sepoy mutiny –
| (i) | The main ground for the uprising had been prepared by the soldiers. |
| (ii) |
| Important and immediate causes of the revolt was the use of greased cartridges. |
| (iii) |
| The revolt did not spread throughout the country. |
| (iv) |
| The revolt did not enjoy the cooperation and support of the common people |
united against the British rule.
(c) Hindu and Muslim took actively part in the movement.
(d) The masses took active part in the struggle against the British at almost all
centres of uprisings.
(e) It had country wide presence.
What explains the anger of the Deccan ryots against the moneylenders? 10
ANS:-
1. By 1830s prices of agricultural products fell sharply.
2.Decline in peasants income revenue could rarely be paid without a loan from money lenders.
3.Ryots found difficult to pay it back, debt mounted.
4.Ryots needed more loan to buy their everyday needs.
5. Sahukar’s export merchants in Maharashtra stopped long term credit and started demanding
repayment of debt.
6. Petition after petition, Ryots complained of the injustice of insensitiveness and the violation
of custom.
7. The Ryots came to see the money lenders as devious and deceitful.
8. Limitation law was passed to check the accumulation of interest overtime.
9. Deeds and bonds appeared as symbols of the new oppressive system.
How were the lives of forest dwellers transformed in the 16th-17th centuries. 10
Ans :-1.The business encouraged forest clearance zamindars and jotedars turned uninitiated
lands in to rice fields to the British, extension of settled agriculture why necessary to enlarge
the sources of land revenue. produce crops for export and establish the basis of a settled,
ordered society.
Ans :-1.The business encouraged forest clearance zamindars and jotedars turned uninitiated
lands in to rice fields to the British, extension of settled agriculture why necessary to enlarge
the sources of land revenue. produce crops for export and establish the basis of a settled,
ordered society.
2. The British saw forest people as savage impurely and primitive and difficult to govern, so
they felt that the forest had to be leaped settled agriculture established and forest people
dammed civilized and persuaded to give up hunting and take to plough agriculture.
3.in the 1770s the British embarked on a brutal policy to extermination, hunting the Paharias
down and killing them then by 1780s,augustas Cleveland the collector of Bhagalpur purposed a
policy of polification. The Paharias chief were given an annual allowance and made
responsible for the proper conduct of their man.
4.Some Paharia chief refused the complains continued, the Paharias withdraw deep into the
mountains insulting themselves from Lositle forces and carrying on a war with the outbiddersso when Buchanan travelled through the region in the winter of 1880/1881,the Paharia
naturally viewed him with suspicion and distrust.
5.The Santhals themselves were powering into area, cleaning forest, cutting down timber,
ploughing land and growing rice and cotton,this leades why Sindhus Manjhi.
they felt that the forest had to be leaped settled agriculture established and forest people
dammed civilized and persuaded to give up hunting and take to plough agriculture.
3.in the 1770s the British embarked on a brutal policy to extermination, hunting the Paharias
down and killing them then by 1780s,augustas Cleveland the collector of Bhagalpur purposed a
policy of polification. The Paharias chief were given an annual allowance and made
responsible for the proper conduct of their man.
4.Some Paharia chief refused the complains continued, the Paharias withdraw deep into the
mountains insulting themselves from Lositle forces and carrying on a war with the outbiddersso when Buchanan travelled through the region in the winter of 1880/1881,the Paharia
naturally viewed him with suspicion and distrust.
5.The Santhals themselves were powering into area, cleaning forest, cutting down timber,
ploughing land and growing rice and cotton,this leades why Sindhus Manjhi.
| What were the social, economical religious and military causes of 1857 revolt? Ans. Economic Causes :- (a) Drain of wealth | 10 |
(c) Exorbitant rate of land revenue.
(d) Resumption of Inami or rent-free lands.
(e) Unemployment and poverty among the masses.
Social Causes :- (a) Maltreatment of the Indians.
(b) Interference in the social life of Indians.
(c) Spread of Western Education.
(d) propagation of Christianity.
Military Causes :-(a) Unrest among the Indian soldiers.
(b) Increase ratio of Indian soldiers.
(c) faulty distribution of troops.
(d) General Service Enlistment Act.
(e) Greased cartridges.
THEME : 12
COLONIAL CITIES
URBANISATION, PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE
| To what extent are census data useful in reconstruction patterns of urbanization | |
| in the colonial context ? | |
| Ans. Census data are very useful in reconstructing pattern of urbanization in the colonial | |
| context.(i) | |
| These data are useful of know exact number of population as well as the | |
| total population of white and blacks. | |
| (ii) | These data also tell us upto what extent total number of people or total population had been affected adversely by the fearful or deadly diseases. |
different communities, their language, their works and means of
livelihood as well as about their caste and religion also.
What were Civil Lines during the colonial rule? (2)
Ans. After the Revolt of 1857British attitudes in India were shaped by a constant fear of
rebellion. They felt that towns needed to be better defended, and white people had to
live in more secure and segregated enclaves, away from the threat of the “natives”.
Pasturelands and agricultural fields around the older towns were cleared, and new urban
spaces called “Civil Lines” were set up. White people began to live in the Civil Lines.
Ans. After the Revolt of 1857British attitudes in India were shaped by a constant fear of
rebellion. They felt that towns needed to be better defended, and white people had to
live in more secure and segregated enclaves, away from the threat of the “natives”.
Pasturelands and agricultural fields around the older towns were cleared, and new urban
spaces called “Civil Lines” were set up. White people began to live in the Civil Lines.
| Why did the records of the colonial cities were preserved? Ans. (i) Tow know the change of population. | (2) |
Write the names of any three hill stations established by the British in India?
(2)
Ans. Shimla, Mount Abu and Darjeeling.
(2)
Ans. Shimla, Mount Abu and Darjeeling.
What were the new kinds of public places that emerged in the colonial city? what function
did they serve ? (2+1+1+1 = 5)Answer1. (1). By the 18th century , madras, Calcutta and Bomaby had become important points
and cities. The settlement that came up here were convenient points for collecting
goods. The English East India Company built its factories (i.e. mercantile offices) there
and because of competition among European companies fortified there settlement for
protection. In Madras, Fort St. George, in Calcutta Fort William and in Bombay the
Fort marked out the areas of British settlement which were known as ‘White town’. The
Indian Merchants, artisan and other women who had economic dealings with
Europeans merchants lived outside their fort. These forts in settlement of train own
known as ‘Black Towns
(2). After 1850s cottons mills were setup by Indian merchants and enterprenants in
Bombay and European – owned jute mills were established in Rishra (1855) on the
outskirts of Calcutta.
(3).Kanpur , Specializing in leather ,wooden and cotton textile an d Jamshedpur ,
specializing in steel were prominent.
(4). In 1864 Viceroy John Lawrence officially moved his councils to Shimla
did they serve ? (2+1+1+1 = 5)Answer1. (1). By the 18th century , madras, Calcutta and Bomaby had become important points
and cities. The settlement that came up here were convenient points for collecting
goods. The English East India Company built its factories (i.e. mercantile offices) there
and because of competition among European companies fortified there settlement for
protection. In Madras, Fort St. George, in Calcutta Fort William and in Bombay the
Fort marked out the areas of British settlement which were known as ‘White town’. The
Indian Merchants, artisan and other women who had economic dealings with
Europeans merchants lived outside their fort. These forts in settlement of train own
known as ‘Black Towns
(2). After 1850s cottons mills were setup by Indian merchants and enterprenants in
Bombay and European – owned jute mills were established in Rishra (1855) on the
outskirts of Calcutta.
(3).Kanpur , Specializing in leather ,wooden and cotton textile an d Jamshedpur ,
specializing in steel were prominent.
(4). In 1864 Viceroy John Lawrence officially moved his councils to Shimla
. Why were the hill stations developed in India by Britishers ?
Ans.
1. Need of British army.
2. Strategic places of Army.
3. Cool climate temptation for Britisher.
4. Free from epidemics.
5. Healthy climate
6. Home away home for Britishers.
Ans.
1. Need of British army.
2. Strategic places of Army.
3. Cool climate temptation for Britisher.
4. Free from epidemics.
5. Healthy climate
6. Home away home for Britishers.
Assess the impact of health and defence needs on town planning in Colonial
British traders had built to house their goods. Consequently when Sirajudaula was
defeated in the Battle of Plassey, the British built a new fort. Fort William could not be
easily attacked.
Around Fort William, a vast open space was left which came to be known as the Maidan
or garer-math. This was done so there would be no obstructions to a straight time of fire
from the Fort against an advancing enemy army. Soon the British began to move out of
the Fort and build residences along the periphery of the Maidan. This was how the
English Settlement in Calcutta started taking shape. The vast open space around the Fort
became Calcutta’s first significant town planning measure.
Lord Wellesley was concerned about the conditions that existed in the Indian part of the
city the fith, overcrowding and the poor drainge. He wrote a minute (an administrative
order) in 1803 on the need for town planning and set up various committees for this
purpose.
It was believed that creating open places in the city would make the city healthier.
Consequently many bazaars, ghats, burial ground and tanneries were cleared or removed.
After Wellesley’s departure, the Lottery Committee carried on with the work of Town
Planning. In its drive to make the Indian areas cleaner, the committee cleared the river
bank of encroachment and pushed the poor to the outskirts of Calcutta.
The outbreak of cholera and plague epidemics in the 19th century gave a further impetus
to town planning. The government believed that there was a direct link between living
conditions and the spread of disease. Densely built up areas were regarded as insanitary
as it obstructed sunlight and circulation of air.
| Calcutta. Ans. In 1756, Sirajudula the Nawab of Bengal sacked the small fort which the | (5) |
defeated in the Battle of Plassey, the British built a new fort. Fort William could not be
easily attacked.
Around Fort William, a vast open space was left which came to be known as the Maidan
or garer-math. This was done so there would be no obstructions to a straight time of fire
from the Fort against an advancing enemy army. Soon the British began to move out of
the Fort and build residences along the periphery of the Maidan. This was how the
English Settlement in Calcutta started taking shape. The vast open space around the Fort
became Calcutta’s first significant town planning measure.
Lord Wellesley was concerned about the conditions that existed in the Indian part of the
city the fith, overcrowding and the poor drainge. He wrote a minute (an administrative
order) in 1803 on the need for town planning and set up various committees for this
purpose.
It was believed that creating open places in the city would make the city healthier.
Consequently many bazaars, ghats, burial ground and tanneries were cleared or removed.
After Wellesley’s departure, the Lottery Committee carried on with the work of Town
Planning. In its drive to make the Indian areas cleaner, the committee cleared the river
bank of encroachment and pushed the poor to the outskirts of Calcutta.
The outbreak of cholera and plague epidemics in the 19th century gave a further impetus
to town planning. The government believed that there was a direct link between living
conditions and the spread of disease. Densely built up areas were regarded as insanitary
as it obstructed sunlight and circulation of air.
What was the condition of the cities during the colonial rule in India?
1. New class of laborious poor and workers were emerging. Rural labourers were
migrating to the cities for employment. Many were migrating due to the attractive city
life.
2. Colonial rulers conducted surveys. They collected the statistical datas and
published the governmental reports time to time.
3. Maps of Madras, Bombay and Culcutta were quiet different
from the old ons. Architecture of the buildings were changed.
4. A large number of labours were coming to the hill stations
where plantation of tea and coffe were done.
5. There were a number of opportunities for women in the cities. Some social
reformers supported women educations which was opposed by the orthodox
opposed it. Gradually the participation of women in public places increased.
They entered into the new occupations of the cities as maid, factory labourers,
teachers, actress etc.
migrating to the cities for employment. Many were migrating due to the attractive city
life.
2. Colonial rulers conducted surveys. They collected the statistical datas and
published the governmental reports time to time.
3. Maps of Madras, Bombay and Culcutta were quiet different
from the old ons. Architecture of the buildings were changed.
4. A large number of labours were coming to the hill stations
where plantation of tea and coffe were done.
5. There were a number of opportunities for women in the cities. Some social
reformers supported women educations which was opposed by the orthodox
opposed it. Gradually the participation of women in public places increased.
They entered into the new occupations of the cities as maid, factory labourers,
teachers, actress etc.
How did prominent Indian merchants establish themselves in the colonial city
Prominent Indian merchant establish themselves in colonial city in different phases.
They establish themselves in all the three metro colonial cities i.e., Madras (Channai),
Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata).
First of all these Indian merchants tried to establish their relation of the
agents of the company. As there all colonial cities were trade centre and
administrative official. Therefore the Indian merchants could easily get
establish their relation with the Europeans. There cities were having
different types of comforts such as modern hotels, restaurant, lodging,
boarding, transport fancilities, roadways and shipping.
Later on Bombay become a major trade centre of opium with
China. Prominent Indian merchant played active role in collecting opium from different
places of Rajasthan and Malwa. They use to bring opium on the back of horses, ponies,
camels by road transport etc. They use to earn a lot of money as middle man between
farmers and companies agents and officials. Not only East India Company but some of
the government official and later or other European also participated in illegal trade of
opium. The prominent Indian merchant became very rich. They constructed big
building in all big cities of colonial period.
As the industrial revolution in England started and expanded.
These colonial cities became entry point for British manufacture goods and for the
expert of Indian ram materials (which was to be used in large scale industries and
factories of England). The prominent Indian merchant also participated in there trade
activities.
The introduction of railways in 1853 meant a change in the fortunes of towns.
Economic activity gradually shifted away from traditional towns which were located
along old routes and rivers. Every railway station became a collection depot for raw
materials and a distribution point for imported goods. For instance, Mirzapur on the
Ganges, which specialized in collecting cotton goods from the Deccan, declined when a
railway link was made to Bombay. With the expansion of the railway network, railway
workships and railways colonies were established Railways towns like Jamalpur,
Waltair and Bareilly developed.
The Indian merchants included the people of different communities and castes
such as Parsi, Marwari, Konkani, Arbs, Gujarati. Baniyas, Boras and Jews. Some of the
members of this community invested money
in modern big industry, shipping and Airlines also. They donated money
for construction of inns, wells, tanks, temples, Mosque, Churches and
other places of religion and worships.
They establish themselves in all the three metro colonial cities i.e., Madras (Channai),
Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata).
First of all these Indian merchants tried to establish their relation of the
agents of the company. As there all colonial cities were trade centre and
administrative official. Therefore the Indian merchants could easily get
establish their relation with the Europeans. There cities were having
different types of comforts such as modern hotels, restaurant, lodging,
boarding, transport fancilities, roadways and shipping.
Later on Bombay become a major trade centre of opium with
China. Prominent Indian merchant played active role in collecting opium from different
places of Rajasthan and Malwa. They use to bring opium on the back of horses, ponies,
camels by road transport etc. They use to earn a lot of money as middle man between
farmers and companies agents and officials. Not only East India Company but some of
the government official and later or other European also participated in illegal trade of
opium. The prominent Indian merchant became very rich. They constructed big
building in all big cities of colonial period.
As the industrial revolution in England started and expanded.
These colonial cities became entry point for British manufacture goods and for the
expert of Indian ram materials (which was to be used in large scale industries and
factories of England). The prominent Indian merchant also participated in there trade
activities.
The introduction of railways in 1853 meant a change in the fortunes of towns.
Economic activity gradually shifted away from traditional towns which were located
along old routes and rivers. Every railway station became a collection depot for raw
materials and a distribution point for imported goods. For instance, Mirzapur on the
Ganges, which specialized in collecting cotton goods from the Deccan, declined when a
railway link was made to Bombay. With the expansion of the railway network, railway
workships and railways colonies were established Railways towns like Jamalpur,
Waltair and Bareilly developed.
The Indian merchants included the people of different communities and castes
such as Parsi, Marwari, Konkani, Arbs, Gujarati. Baniyas, Boras and Jews. Some of the
members of this community invested money
in modern big industry, shipping and Airlines also. They donated money
for construction of inns, wells, tanks, temples, Mosque, Churches and
other places of religion and worships.
Describe the growth of cantonments in India ? (10)
Ans. For the defence of their Empire, the British Government established cantonments at
strategic places. They also built cantonment on the borders of the many important native states
to check the disturbance in these states and to control the activities of the rulers. In 1765, Lord
Robert Clive initiated the policy of building cantonments for British troops to keep them
“cantoned ” in one place, to enforce discipline and military way of life and also to keep them in
a sanitized environment. During that time there were 62 cantonments in India. In the 18 and 19th centuries, the most important colonies in India were at Lahore, Peshawar, Ferozpur,
Agra, Bareily, Jallandhar, Jhansi, Nagpur, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Delhi. The newly
established cantonment at Bhatinda is the largest of the 62 cantonments in the country. The
Director General of Defence Estates is the apex body of the Defence Estates
organization having its offices in various parts of the country. It is entrusted with the task of
administration of cantonments and management of defence lands both inside and outside the
cantonments.
The cantonments are administered by the Cantonment Boards. The Cantonment Boards
are autonomous bodies functioning under the overall control of the Central Government in the
Ministry of Defence under the provisions of Cantonments Act, 1924. Cantonment Boards
comprise of elected representatives besides ex-officio and nominated members, with the
station Commander as the President of the Board. The Central Government provides financial
assistance by way of grants in aid to a certain extent to a number of cantonments to balance
their budget and for discharging their mandatory civic duties like provisions of public
health, sanitation, primary education, street lighting, etc.
.
Ans. For the defence of their Empire, the British Government established cantonments at
strategic places. They also built cantonment on the borders of the many important native states
to check the disturbance in these states and to control the activities of the rulers. In 1765, Lord
Robert Clive initiated the policy of building cantonments for British troops to keep them
“cantoned ” in one place, to enforce discipline and military way of life and also to keep them in
a sanitized environment. During that time there were 62 cantonments in India. In the 18 and 19th centuries, the most important colonies in India were at Lahore, Peshawar, Ferozpur,
Agra, Bareily, Jallandhar, Jhansi, Nagpur, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Delhi. The newly
established cantonment at Bhatinda is the largest of the 62 cantonments in the country. The
Director General of Defence Estates is the apex body of the Defence Estates
organization having its offices in various parts of the country. It is entrusted with the task of
administration of cantonments and management of defence lands both inside and outside the
cantonments.
The cantonments are administered by the Cantonment Boards. The Cantonment Boards
are autonomous bodies functioning under the overall control of the Central Government in the
Ministry of Defence under the provisions of Cantonments Act, 1924. Cantonment Boards
comprise of elected representatives besides ex-officio and nominated members, with the
station Commander as the President of the Board. The Central Government provides financial
assistance by way of grants in aid to a certain extent to a number of cantonments to balance
their budget and for discharging their mandatory civic duties like provisions of public
health, sanitation, primary education, street lighting, etc.
.
THEME - 13
MAHATMA GANDHI AND THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE AND BEYOND
| Q.1 | Who were Lal-Bal-Pal? |
| Ans- All three were early extremist leaders, who led the nation-wide Nationalist movement. | |
| Lal-Lala lajpat Rai, Bal- Bal Ganga dhar Tilak and Pal- Bipin Chandra Pal. Name one movement launched for farmers and peasants by Mahatma Gandhi in India? | Q.2 |
2.Ahmedabad mill labour movement 1918.
Q.3 State the significance of Gandhiji`s speech at Banaras Hindu University?
Ans:- 1. Gandhiji charged the Indian elite with a lack of concern for the labouring poor.
2. He worried about the contrast between the rich and poor. He felt salvation of India
lay in the farmers.
Q.4 | What is meant by Rowlatt Act? |
| Ans:- Anybody could be arrested on the basis of suspicion and put in prison without trial. | |
| This Act was made by Rowlatt to suppress the freedom struggle. Why was charkha chosen as a national symbol? | Q.5 |
2. Source of employment for thousands of poor and unemployed.
| Q.6 | What was the significance of Lahore Session of Congress? |
| Ans:- 1- Declaration of poorna Swaraj as the main objective of Congress. | |
| 2- 26 January 1930 to be celebrated as Independence Day. Describe the Gandhi –Irwin Pact of 1931? | Q.7 |
2- Irwin agreed to release all prisoners and allowed to make salt along the coast.
3- Gandhiji agreed to go to second round table conference.
Q.8 What was the attitude of the Indian National Congress towards the second world war?
Ans:- 1-Both Mahatma Gandhi and Nehru were against Hitler and Nazis.
2-They promised congress support to the war effort if the British in return promised to
grant India Independence after the war
Why did Gandhiji start Non-cooperation Movement? Why was it withdrawn?
Ans:- - To oppose Rowlatt Act
- To undo the injustice done at Jalianwala Bagh.
- To support the Khilafat Movement.
- To attend Swaraj.
- Violence at Chauri-Chaura – He withdrew non co-operation movement because of
the incident of Chauri-Chaura
- Gandhiji believed in non-violence.
Ans:- - To oppose Rowlatt Act
- To undo the injustice done at Jalianwala Bagh.
- To support the Khilafat Movement.
- To attend Swaraj.
- Violence at Chauri-Chaura – He withdrew non co-operation movement because of
the incident of Chauri-Chaura
- Gandhiji believed in non-violence.
Explain the significance of Dandi March?
Ans:- 1. Violation of Salt law- a monopoly of British and manufacturing of salt.
2. Large scale participation of women.
3. Civil law violated across large part of India.
Ans:- 1. Violation of Salt law- a monopoly of British and manufacturing of salt.
2. Large scale participation of women.
3. Civil law violated across large part of India.
What was the problem of separate electorates? What were the disagreement between
Congress and Dalits on this issue? Finally what solution to be of this issue?
Ans:- Demand of separate electorates by the Dalits in which they wanted reservation in
separate Electorates like muslims.
In 1931 in the second Round Table Conference Dalit leader Dr.B.R.Ambedkar said
Congress does not represent the Dalits.
- He said Dalits are socially and economically backward. By separate electorate they
can put demands of their rights.
- Gandhiji opposed the separate electorates.
- Finally Congress gave separate electorates to Dalits within the Congress
Congress and Dalits on this issue? Finally what solution to be of this issue?
Ans:- Demand of separate electorates by the Dalits in which they wanted reservation in
separate Electorates like muslims.
In 1931 in the second Round Table Conference Dalit leader Dr.B.R.Ambedkar said
Congress does not represent the Dalits.
- He said Dalits are socially and economically backward. By separate electorate they
can put demands of their rights.
- Gandhiji opposed the separate electorates.
- Finally Congress gave separate electorates to Dalits within the Congress
How did Gandhiji transform National Movement into mass movement?
Ans:- 1. Simple lifestyle
2. Use of Hindi for communication
3. Role of Gandhiji in three mass movement.
4. Emphasis on Truth and non-violence
5. swadeshi, boycott and Swaraj.
6. Importance on Charkha and Khadi.
7. Upliftment of women, poor down trodden.
8. Hindu-Muslim unity
9. Abolition of untouchability.
10. Balancing each and every section of society.
Ans:- 1. Simple lifestyle
2. Use of Hindi for communication
3. Role of Gandhiji in three mass movement.
4. Emphasis on Truth and non-violence
5. swadeshi, boycott and Swaraj.
6. Importance on Charkha and Khadi.
7. Upliftment of women, poor down trodden.
8. Hindu-Muslim unity
9. Abolition of untouchability.
10. Balancing each and every section of society.
Explain the sources from which we can reconstruct the political career of Mahatma
Gandhi and the history of National Movement of India.
Gandhi and the history of National Movement of India.
- Auto-biographies and biographies.
- Contemporary newspapers.
- Official and police records.,
- Public speeches
- private letters.
- Contemporary newspapers.
- Official and police records.,
- Public speeches
- private letters.
The volume of information being gained daily shows how wickedly the salt tax has being
designed. In order to prevent the use of salt that has not paid the tax which is at times even
fourteen times its value, the Government destroys the salt it can not sell profitably. Thus it
taxes the nation’s vital necessity; it prevents the public from manufacturing it and destroys
what nature manufactures without effort. No adjective is strong enough for characterising this
wicked dog-in-the-manager policy. From various sources I hear tales of such wanton
destruction of the nation’s property in all parts of India. Maunds if not tons of salt are said to
be destroyed on the Konkan coast. The same tale comes from Dandi. Wherever there is
likelihood of natural salt being taken away by the people living in the neighbourhood areas for
their personal use, salt officers are posted for the sole purpose of carrying on destruction. Thus
valuable national property is destroyed at national expense and salt taken out of the mouths of
the people.
The salt monopoly is thus a fourfold curse. It deprives the people of a valuable easy village
industry, involves wanton destruction of property that nation produces in abundance, the
destruction itself means more national expenditure, and fourthly, to crown his folly, and
unheard-of takes of more than 1,000 per cent is exacted from a starving people.
This tax has remained so long because of the apathy of the general public. Now that it is
sufficiently roused, the tax has to go. How soon it will be abolished depends upon the strength
the people.
THEME 14
UNDERSTANDING PARTITION
POLITICS, MEMORIES, EXPERIENCES
What do you mean by the term Holocaust? (2)
Ans. Holocaust means destruction or slaughter on a mass scale. Many scholors have used
this term for loot, Arson, killings during the partition.
Ans. Holocaust means destruction or slaughter on a mass scale. Many scholors have used
this term for loot, Arson, killings during the partition.
What is Pakistan resolution?
What was the attitude of the Indian National Congress towards second world war? (2)
Ans. The Indian National Congress was ready to help Britain if they makes a clear
declaration to free India after the second world war.
| In 1940 the League moved a resolution demanding a measure of autonomy for the muslim majority areas. |
What was the attitude of the Indian National Congress towards second world war? (2)
Ans. The Indian National Congress was ready to help Britain if they makes a clear
declaration to free India after the second world war.
What was the impact of separate electorates for Muslims on the communal politics?
i) A large number of people were killed.
ii) Lakhs of people had became refugees.
iii) A large number of people were rendered homeless.
iv) There were killings, loots, arson and rape.
v) People lost their properties and all their assets.
| Ans. i)The Muslims could elect their own representatives in reserved constituency. ii)They can favour the people belonging to their own religious groups. | (2) |
| The partition of India was a holocaust. Justify? | (5) | Ans. |
ii) Lakhs of people had became refugees.
iii) A large number of people were rendered homeless.
iv) There were killings, loots, arson and rape.
v) People lost their properties and all their assets.
| What are the merits and demands of Oral history? | (5) | Ans. |
ii) It enables historians to write richly textured, vivid accounts of events like partition.
iii) Oral history also allows historian to broaden the boundaries of their discipline.
iv) Many historians argue the uniqueness of personnel experience makes generalization
difficult.
v) They think Oral accounts are concerned with tangential issues.
Why Cabinet missions was sent to India? What were the main features of its plan? (10)
Ans. Cabinet mission was sent to India to suggest a solution for the Indian problem.
-The mission recommended a loose three of her confederation.
-India would have a federal government including princely states and provinces of
British India.
Ans. Cabinet mission was sent to India to suggest a solution for the Indian problem.
-The mission recommended a loose three of her confederation.
-India would have a federal government including princely states and provinces of
British India.
-Federal government would be dealing with Defence, Foreign affairs and
communication.
-Provisions was made for the grouping of provinces.
-The representation of all three groups meet in a constituent Assembly to draft a
constitution.
-Congress and League rejected the cabinet mission’s proposal
communication.
-Provisions was made for the grouping of provinces.
-The representation of all three groups meet in a constituent Assembly to draft a
constitution.
-Congress and League rejected the cabinet mission’s proposal
What was the impact of partition on Indian women
Ans. Impact of partition of India on Indian Women :
(1) Harrowing experience of women – Abduction, sold, forced to settle down to a new life
etc.
(2) They were brutally tortured and beated.
(3) They found the governmenst of both India and Pakistan insensitive to their problems.
(4) Government’s insensitivity to the feelings of women .
(5) Women not allowed to voice their opinion.
(6) Killing of women in the name of saving honour of women .
(7) Forcing women to commit suicide to save themselves from falling into the hands of
enemies.
(8) Their suicide was treated as martyrdom.
(9) Dishonouring women of a community seen as dishonouring the community itself and a
mode of taking revenge.
(10) They were not allowed to re-settle their life on their own wish.
Ans. Impact of partition of India on Indian Women :
(1) Harrowing experience of women – Abduction, sold, forced to settle down to a new life
etc.
(2) They were brutally tortured and beated.
(3) They found the governmenst of both India and Pakistan insensitive to their problems.
(4) Government’s insensitivity to the feelings of women .
(5) Women not allowed to voice their opinion.
(6) Killing of women in the name of saving honour of women .
(7) Forcing women to commit suicide to save themselves from falling into the hands of
enemies.
(8) Their suicide was treated as martyrdom.
(9) Dishonouring women of a community seen as dishonouring the community itself and a
mode of taking revenge.
(10) They were not allowed to re-settle their life on their own wish.
THEME -15
FRAMING THE CONSTITUTION
THE BEGINNING OF A NEW ERA
| Who did move the crucial ‘Objectives Resolution’? The Crucial Resolution was moved by Jawaharlal Nehru. | 2 | Ans. |
Why was the new constitution of Independent India introduced on 26 January
1950 ? 2
| Ans. | Because it was the 20th anniversary of the historical day on which the Congress had declared Complete Independence as its final goal. |
When and under which scheme the Constituent Assembly was formed ?
2
| Ans. | The Constituent Assembly was formed in October 1946 as per the Cabinet Mission Scheme |
| Why did Mahatma Gandhi think Hindustani should be the National language? 5 By the 1950s, the Congress had accepted that Hindustani ought to be the |
language that common people could easily understand.
Hindustani – a blend of Hindi and Urdu – was a popular language of a large section of the
people of India, and it was a composite language enriched by the interaction of diverse
cultures. Over the years it had incorporated words
and terms from very many different sources, and was therefore understood by people from
various regions. This multi – cultural language, Mahatma Gandhi thought would be the
ideal language of communication between diverse communities: it could unify Hindus and
Muslims, and people of the north and south.
Why is the Indian constitution acceptable to the Indian people even today? 5
Ans:
a) The Indian Constitution is acceptable to all because it was based on a broad consensus
and did not reflect the views of the drafting committee alone.
Ans:
a) The Indian Constitution is acceptable to all because it was based on a broad consensus
and did not reflect the views of the drafting committee alone.
b) Even though there was no universal adult Franchise at that time. The constituent
assembly consisted of people of all regions and communities making it a miniature
India.
c) Eminent people like Maulana Azad and women like Sarojini Naidu played an important
part in the constituent assembly as did people of all casts and creeds.
d) Furthermore, the constituent assembly worked in a systematic and open manner.
e) The basic principles were agreed upon, then a draft constitution was prepared for
discussion.
f) The draft constitution was discussed thoroughly clause by clause for nearly 3 years
before being finalized.
g) Every individual is free to follow. Preach, or profess his/her own religion. There is no
state religion.
assembly consisted of people of all regions and communities making it a miniature
India.
c) Eminent people like Maulana Azad and women like Sarojini Naidu played an important
part in the constituent assembly as did people of all casts and creeds.
d) Furthermore, the constituent assembly worked in a systematic and open manner.
e) The basic principles were agreed upon, then a draft constitution was prepared for
discussion.
f) The draft constitution was discussed thoroughly clause by clause for nearly 3 years
before being finalized.
g) Every individual is free to follow. Preach, or profess his/her own religion. There is no
state religion.
| How was the term minority defined by different groups? Ans. The term minority was defined by different groups in the following ways: | 5 |
| Ambedkar demanded separate group for the minority races. Hindus and Sikhs, live in so-called Pakistan were not considered as minority race.. Members demanded the representation on behalf of the minority in the Constitution. Nagappa demanded minority status for the Harijans. | |
What was the ‘language controversy, before the Constitution Assembly and how
Language Controversy:• Hindustani (Hindi+Urdu) started getting separate due to communal parties.• Language became politicized for communal identity.• R.V. Dhulkar supported Hindi to be made language of the Constitution.• It created a furor (debate) in the Constituent Assembly which was mediated by Pt.
Jawahar lal Nehru.Solutions:• Proceeded slow to make Hindi as the National Language.• Some supported official work to be continued for 15 years in English.• After implementation of the Constitution and Provinces to choose regional language
for daily work.• Constituent Assembly : i. Hindi – Not National Language.
ii. But not Rajbhasha
| did it seek to resolve the controversy? Ans. | 5+5=10 |
Jawahar lal Nehru.Solutions:• Proceeded slow to make Hindi as the National Language.• Some supported official work to be continued for 15 years in English.• After implementation of the Constitution and Provinces to choose regional language
for daily work.• Constituent Assembly : i. Hindi – Not National Language.
ii. But not Rajbhasha
| What was was the Objectives Resolution?What were the ideals expressed in the |
| Objectives Resolution? |
It was Jawaharlal Nehru who presented Objectives Resolution in the Constituent
Assembly on 13th December, 1946. He proposed that the National Flag of India
be a ‘horizontal tricolour of saffron , white and dark green in equal proportion’,
with a wheel in navy blue at the centre. It outlined and defined the ideals and
objectives of the Constituitiion which are as follows:
1. India was declared as independent sovereign Republic.
2. It assured justice , equality, liberty and fraternity to all its citizens.
3. It provided adequate safeguards to minorities.
4. It referred to the well being of the backward and depressed classes.
5. India would combine the liberal ideas of democracy with socialist idea of economic
Justice.
6.India would adopt that form of government which would be acceptable to its
people. No imposition from the British would be accepted by the Indian people.
7.India would be a federation.
8.India would work for world peace and human welfare
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